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PRATIQUE MEDICALE

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Off-label-prescriptions in daily clinical practice - a cross-sectional national survey of palliative medicine physicians

HAGEMANN, Vera ; BAUSEWEIN, Claudia ; REMI, Constanze
PROGRESS IN PALLIATIVE CARE, 04/07/2019, vol.27, n°4, p. 154-159

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Thème : Soins.

PRESCRIPTION ; DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; MEDECIN ; ALLEMAGNE

Background: Off-label-use is an indispensable element of palliative medicine. Up to one third of all drugs are prescribed beyond their licence. It is challenging to find the right balance between potential risks and benefits in the context of limited therapeutic options. To date, little is known how physicians deal with this challenge in daily practice.
Objectives: To evaluate (1) the awareness of German palliative medicine physicians of off-label-use, (2) the basis for decision-making for off-label-use, (3) the existence of guidelines for off-label prescribing and (4) practical problems arising in clinical practice.
Methods: Anonymous online survey among German palliative medicine physicians. Medical directors and consultants/other doctors were surveyed independently with two different questionnaires. The questionnaires included questions regarding documentation, legal and practical aspects of off-label drug use.
Results: In total, 578/605 emails sent were delivered. One hundred and forty-one questionnaires were fully completed, 8 partially. Response rate 23%. The majority of participants worked in specialist palliative home care and palliative care units (n = 134). One hundred and two (68%) participants were aged >50 years and 103 (69%) practised medicine >20 years. One hundred and twelve medical directors participated, 95 (85%) reported that no guidance on documentation of off-label-use was available. In total, 30/37 consultants and other doctors indicated experience as basis for their decision making on off-label-use. Twenty-four (75%) of the consultants and other doctors regularly used off-label-therapies with little or no evidence base. Uncertainties exist regarding drug safety, legal issues and the cost coverage.
Conclusions: More recommendations on the management of off-label drug use are necessary. Participants demand greater legal security including unbureaucratic prescribing.

Origine : Taylor and Francis+NEJM

Continuity of physicians' dedication to inpatient hospice and palliative care - a 14-year nationwide survey in Taiwan

CHENG, Bo-Ren ; LIN, Ming-Hwai ; CHANG, Hsiao-Ting ; WANG, Yi-Jen ; CHEN, Tzeng-Ji ; CHOU, Li-Fang ; HWANG, Shinn-Jang
International journal of environmental research and public health, 15/08/2019, vol.16, n°16, p. 1-9

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Thème : Soins. Cote : eD02.03.02.00

TAIWAN ; UNITE SOINS PALLIATIFS ; MEDECIN ; PRATIQUE PROFESSIONNELLE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

Background: The work continuity of physicians in hospice and palliative medicine (HPM) has a great impact on the quality of care and practice experiences. However, nationwide studies providing a general overview of the work continuity of HPM physicians are scarce.
Methods: Data relating to inpatient HPM care provided from July 2000 to December 2013 were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Specifically, the numbers of hospitals, patients, patient hospitalization days, and physicians involving HPM in each year were calculated. The years of HPM work experience and total HPM workdays of each physician were also computed.
Results: Of the 40,965,153 inpatient records during the study, 121,258 (0.3%) records were related to inpatient HPM care, with 60 participating hospitals and 604 attending physicians. The annual number of HPM physicians increased with time from 77 in 2000 to 217 in 2013. The largest percentage (38.4%) of physicians practiced HPM for only one year, while only 23 (3.8%) physicians practiced HPM in each year without interruption. Of the 217 HPM physicians in 2013, 45 (20.7%) were newcomers, 78 (36.0%) had 1-4 years of prior HPM work experience, 54 (24.9%) had 5-9 years, and 40 (18.4%) had at least 10 years. Conclusions: Among HPM physicians in Taiwan, only a small percentage exhibited long-term dedication to the field, whereas most HPM physicians had short practice periods. More strategies are needed to improve work continuity among HPM physicians.

Origine : PubMed

National consensus project clinical practice guidelines for quality palliative care guidelines, 4th edition

FERRELL, Betty R. ; TWADDLE, Martha L. ; MELNICK, Amy ; MEIER, Diane E.
JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 12/2018, vol.21, n°12, p. 1684-1689

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Thème : Soins. Cote : 00.07JOU

PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; RECOMMANDATION ; QUALITE SOIN ; DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE

Background: The goal of the 4th edition of the National Consensus Project Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care (NCP Guidelines) is to improve access to quality palliative care for all people with serious illness regardless of setting, diagnosis, prognosis, or age.
Objective: The NCP Guidelines are intended to encourage and guide healthcare organizations and clinicians (including nonpalliative care specialists) across the care continuum to integrate palliative care principles and best practices into their routine assessment and care of all seriously ill patients and their family caregivers.
Methods: The NCP Guidelines formalize and delineate evidence-based processes and practices for the provision of safe and reliable high-quality palliative care for adults, children, and families with serious illness in all care settings.
Results: This article presents the key domains and guidelines of the 4th edition.

Origine : liebertpub.com (Atypon

Questionnaire survey on medical futility and termination of resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients among emergency physicians in Hong Kong

SO, C. W. ; LUI, C. T. ; TSUI, K. L. ; CHAN, K. L. ; LAW, A. K. K. ; WONG, Y. K. ; LI, T. ; WONG, C. L. ; LEUNG, S. C.
Hong Kong medical journal, 06/2019, vol.25, n°3, p. 183-191

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Thème : Ethique et déontologie. Cote : eD13.02

QUESTIONNAIRE ; ACHARNEMENT THERAPEUTIQUE ; SERVICE URGENCES ; MEDECIN ; HONG KONG ; REANIMATION ; HOSPITALISATION JOUR ; CONNAISSANCE ; ATTITUDE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

Introduction: The perceptions of medical futility and decisions about termination of resuscitation (TOR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are highly heterogeneous and dependent on the practice of the attending emergency physicians. The objective of this study was to report and investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding medical futility and TOR during management of OHCA in Hong Kong.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among emergency medicine physicians in Hong Kong. The questionnaire assessed participants’ background, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours concerning medical futility and TOR in management of OHCA. Composite scores were calculated to reflect knowledge, attitudes, and practices of OHCA treatment. Subgroup analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between participants’ background, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours.
Results: The response rate to this survey was 57% (140/247). Independent predictors of less aggressive resuscitation in OHCA patients included status as a Fellow of the Hong Kong College of Emergency Medicine (ß= -0.314, P=0.028) and being an Advanced Cardiac Life Support instructor (ß= -0.217, P=0.032). There was no difference in aggressiveness of resuscitation in terms of years of clinical experience (ß=0.015, P=0.921), knowledge of TOR (ß=0.057, P=0.509), or attitudes about TOR (ß= -0.103, P=0.214). The correlation between knowledge and attitudes was low (Spearman’s coefficient=0.02, P=0.795).
Conclusion: Clinical practice and behaviour of TOR was not demonstrated to have associations with knowledge or attitude. Status as a Fellow of the Hong Kong College of Emergency Medicine or Advanced Cardiac Life Support instructor were the only two parameters identified that had significant relationships with earlier TOR in medically futile patients with OHCA.

Origine : PubMed

Allied health clinicians' understanding of palliative care as it relates to patients, caregivers, and health clinicians - a cross-sectional survey

MORGAN, Deidre ; RAWLINGS, Deb ; BUTTON, Elizabeth ; TIEMAN, Jennifer
Journal of allied health, 2019, vol.48, n°2, p. 127-133

Thème : Soins.

AUSTRALIE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; PRATIQUE PROFESSIONNELLE ; FORMATION ; BESOIN FORMATION ; ENQUETE

PURPOSE: The scope of hospice or palliative care has expanded since its inception, which has significant ramifications for the AH workforce. This study sought to elicit allied health (AH) clinicians' understanding and views about palliative care and its relevance to their clinical practice and to identify their educational needs. Results from analysis of free text survey responses to a single open-ended question from a larger survey are presented.
METHODS: An online survey was distributed to AH clinicians via email lists for the CareSearch Allied Health Hub, Allied Health Professions Australia, and other groups. Descriptive statistics and content analysis of free text responses were used to analyse the data.
RESULTS: A total of 217 AH clinicians responded to an email survey and 187 useable responses were analysed. Four themes were identified: 1) palliative care employs a client-centred model of care, 2) acknowledgement of living whilst dying, 3) interdisciplinary palliative care interventions provide active care in a range of domains, and 4) characteristics of palliative care teams and settings.
CONCLUSION: AH clinicians plan an active role in physical, social, and psycho-spiritual care of palliative care patients and caregivers. Burgeoning numbers of palliative care patients in nonspecialist palliative care settings require AH clinicians to develop skills and competencies to work with people who have advanced disease.

Origine : PubMed

A survey of hospice professionals regarding medical cannabis practices

COSTANTINO, Ryan C. ; FELTEN, Natalee ; TODD, Marisa ; MAXWELL, Terri ; McPHERSON, Mary Lynn
JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 16/05/2019, p. 1-5

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Thème : Médicaments - Pharmacie. Cote : e00.07JOU

TOXICOLOGIE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; UNITE SOINS PALLIATIFS

Introduction: With medical cannabis (MC) remaining illegal at the federal level, hospice programs are unsure how to handle requests for MC, particularly since hospice is largely funded with federal dollars. The purpose of this survey was to determine respondents' comfort level with MC use in hospice, what processes and logistics hospice programs are employing when dealing with MC, and to determine what, if any, education hospice programs are providing to their staff.
Methods: An anonymous online survey assessed a variety of factors surrounding hospice staff practice, experience, and opinions regarding MC. The survey was disseminated to employees of clients of a large hospice benefit manager as well as through a national hospice and palliative medicine professional organization.
Results: Three hundred ten hospice professionals responded to the survey. More than half of the respondents were nurses followed by administrators and physicians. Regardless of legal status, hospice staff members were overwhelmingly in agreement that MC is appropriate for hospice patients to have access to and use. Several barriers to use were identified including discordant legal status between state and federal governments, concerns about clinical efficacy and safety, and a myriad of other societal factors. Wide variations in MC documentation and education practices between hospices were noted.
Discussion: The data suggest overwhelming support for MC use in the hospice setting. Our findings highlight important opportunities to support hospice providers and their patients through education and the development of policies around MC.

Origine : PubMed

Description of continuous palliative sedation practices in a large health region and comparison with clinical practice guidelines

ABDUL-RAZZAK, Amane ; LEMIEUX, Laurie ; SNYMAN, Maggie ; PEREZ, Grace ; SINNARAJAH, Aynharan
JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 02/04/2019, Pagination inconnue

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Thème : Ethique et déontologie.

SEDATION ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; RECOMMANDATION ; ETUDE RETROSPECTIVE ; CANADA

BACKGROUND: Published reports of continuous palliative sedation therapy (CPST) suggest heterogeneity in practice. There is a paucity of reports that compare practice with clinical guidelines.
OBJECTIVES: To assess adherence of continuous palliative sedation practices with criteria set forth in local clinical guidelines, and to describe other features including prevalence, medication dosing, duration, multidisciplinary team involvement, and concurrent therapies.
DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. Settings/Subjects: We included cases in which a midazolam infusion was ordered at the end of life. Study sites included four adult hospitals in the Calgary health region, two hospices, and a tertiary palliative care unit.
MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive data, including proportion of deaths involving palliative sedation therapy, number of criteria documented, midazolam dose/duration, concurrent symptom management therapies, and referrals to spiritual care, psychology, or social work.
RESULTS: CPST occurred in 602 out of 14,360 deaths (4.2%). Full adherence to criteria occurred in 7% of cases. The most commonly missed criteria were: a "C2" goals-of-care designation order (comfort care focus in the imminently dying) (84%) and documentation of imminent death in the chart (55%). Concurrent medical therapies included opioids in 98% of cases and intravenous hydration in 85% of cases. Few referrals were made to multidisciplinary care teams.
CONCLUSIONS: We found low adherence to palliative sedation guidelines. This may reflect the perception that some criteria are redundant or clinically unimportant. Future work could include a study of barriers to guideline uptake, and guideline modification to provide direction on concurrent therapies and multidisciplinary team involvement.

Origine : PubMed

Screening for opioid misuse in the nonhospitalized seriously ill patient

MITCHELL, Julie L. ; BLACKHALL, Leslie J. ; BARCLAY, Joshua S.
JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 22/04/2019, Pagination inconnue

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Thème : Soins.

MALADIE GRAVE ; ANALGESIQUE OPIOIDE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; CONNAISSANCE ; LOI ; MEDECIN ; CANCEROLOGIE ; CARDIOLOGIE ; ETATS-UNIS ; PRESCRIPTION

Background: Responding to an epidemic of opioid-related deaths, guidelines and laws have been implemented to promote safe opioid prescribing practices.
Objective: This study evaluates differences in screening practices and knowledge of laws between oncologists and cardiologists who prescribe opiates.
Design: Surveys regarding screening practices and knowledge of opioid prescribing laws were distributed in March 2017 to oncology and congestive heart failure (CHF) clinicians at the University of Virginia. Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used.
Results: Forty-six of 129 (35.6%) oncology providers and 7 of 14 (50%) CHF providers reported prescribing opiates in their clinic with usable survey results. The majority of oncology (65.22%) and cardiology (85.71%) providers report screening for substance abuse “when indicated” (p = 0.053). Only 19.6% of oncologists reported always using the prescription monitoring program (PMP), while 71.43% of cardiologists reported using it always (p = 0.014). Of the oncology providers, 66.67% report never using the urine drug screen (UDS), while 86.7% of cardiologists reported using it “when indicated” (p = 0.0086). Up to 34.78% of the oncologists and 57.14% of the cardiologists reported of never screening the family members for misuse (p = 0.317). Knowledge of laws was similar between groups, with 14.29% of cardiology and 17.39% of oncology providers reporting no knowledge of opioid prescribing laws (p = 0.2869).
Conclusions: Routine screening for substance misuse risk was uncommon for both groups, but cardiology providers were more likely to use the PMP or UDS. Knowledge gaps regarding Virginia laws were noted in both groups. Improved education regarding best practices and laws, as well as programs to promote screening, is needed for all providers.

Origine : PubMed

Palliative intent treatment for head and neck cancer - an analysis of practice and outcomes

BEGBIE, F. D. ; DOUGLAS, C. M. ; FINLAY, F. ; MONTGOMERY, J.
The journal of laryngology and otology, 01/04/2019, vol.133, n°4, p. 313-317

Document en ligne

Thème : Médecine.

DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE ; PRONOSTIC ; CANCER ; ROYAUME UNI ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

BACKGROUND: There is little consensus on how best to manage head and neck cancer with palliative intent. Predicting outcome is difficult and reported survival varies. The present study sought to delineate local practice and outcomes in patients treated with palliative intent.
METHODS: The clinical records of all head and neck cancer patients treated with palliative intent presenting between 2015 and 2016 to our multidisciplinary team were reviewed.
RESULTS: Eighty-four patients (21.5 per cent) were treated with palliative intent. All had squamous cell carcinoma. Mean survival time was 151 days (standard deviation = 121.1; range, 8-536 days). Of the patients, 83.3 per cent had a palliative care referral; 74.1 per cent had a hospice referral. Patients received a variety of interventions, and there was an associated complication in 8.2 per cent. The mean number of days spent in hospital for interventions was 11.9 days (standard deviation = 12.5; range, 0-41 days).
CONCLUSION: Different interventions are used to manage head and neck cancer patients with palliative intent, and these may be associated with significant morbidity. Survival time is variable, often several months; thus, any treatment must take into account morbidity in conjunction with the patient's wishes.

Origine : PubMed

Ethical and clinical considerations in treating infections at the end of life

VAUGHAN, Leigh ; DUCKETT, Ashley A. ; ADLER, Mary ; CAIN, Joan
JOURNAL OF HOSPICE AND PALLIATIVE NURSING, 04/2019, vol.21, n°2, p. 110-115

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Thème : Médecine. Cote : 00.07JHP

ETHIQUE CLINIQUE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; MALADIE INFECTIEUSE ; PRISE EN CHARGE ; FIN VIE ; ETATS-UNIS

Patients often affirm the goal to pursue comfort at the end of life, although clinicians may struggle with how best to provide comfort and face the ethical dilemma of treating or allowing a suspected infection to unfold. Treating an infection at the end of life does not allow for uniform improvement in symptoms and more time with family and friends. Additionally, there is potential for burden to the patient or health care system and treatment may occur to the exclusion of other comfort measures. Currently, the practice of providing or forgoing antibiotics at the end of life is variable, and literature supporting best practices can be contradictory. Data to support the use or withholding of treatment have been scant and vary across settings and patient populations. We review common obstacles providers face, prognostication tools that may assist in clinical decision making, the ethical support for withholding therapy, and how to factor in potential burdens of treatment. We propose that nurses, whether at the bedside in an acute care or nursing facility or in the home setting as a member of the interdisciplinary home hospice team, are uniquely qualified to help patients and families navigate this challenging clinical decision.

Origine : journals.lww.com

Evaluation of the interrater reliability of end-of-life medical orders in the physician orders for life-sustaining treatment form

LOVADINI, Gustavo Bigaton ; FUKUSHIMA, Fernanda Bono ; SCHOUERI, Joao Francisco Lindenberg ; DOS REIS, Roberto ; FONSECA, Cecilia Guimarães Ferreira ; RODRIGUEZ, Jahaira Jeanainne Casanova ; COELHO, Cauana Silva ; NEVES, Adriele Ferreira ; RODRIGUES, Aniela Maria ; MARQUES, Marina Almeida ; JACINTO, Alessandro Ferrari ; HARRISON DENING, Karen ; BASSETT, Rick ; MOSS, Alvin H. ; STEINBERG, Karl E. ; VIDAL, Edison Iglesias de Oliveira
JAMA network open, 05/04/2019, vol.2, n°4, 11 p.

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Thème : Soins. Cote : eD02.07

EVALUATION ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; FIN VIE ; MEDECIN ; ETUDE TRANSVERSALE ; BRESIL

Importance: Despite its spread in much of the United States and increased international interest, the Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) paradigm still lacks supporting evidence. The interrater reliability of the POLST form to translate patients' values and preferences into medical orders for care at the end of life remains to be studied.
Objective: To assess the interrater reliability of the medical orders documented in POLST forms.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a public university hospital in southeastern Brazil. Two independent researchers interviewed the same patients or decision-making surrogates (n = 64) during a single episode of hospitalization within a time frame of 1 to 7 days. Eligible participants were hospitalized adults aged 21 years or older who were expected to remain hospitalized for at least 4 days and whose attending physician responded no to the question, Would I be surprised if this patient died in the next year? Data collection occurred between November 1, 2015, and September 20, 2016, and first data analyses were performed on October 3, 2016.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Interrater reliability as measured by k statistics.
Results: Of the 64 participants interviewed in the study, 53 (83%) were patients and 11 (17%) were surrogates. Patients' mean (SD) age was 64 (14) years, and 35 patients (55%) and 8 surrogates (73%) were women. Overall, in 5 cases (8%), disagreement in at least 1 medical order for life-sustaining treatment was found in the POLST form, changing from the first interview to the second interview. The k statistic for cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.80-1.00); for level of medical intervention, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.76-1.00); and for artificially administered nutrition, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.83-1.00).
Conclusions and Relevance: The high interrater reliability of the medical orders in POLST forms appears to offer further support for this advance care planning paradigm; in addition, the finding that this interrater reliability was not 100% underscores the need to ensure that patients or their surrogates have decision-making capacity and to confirm that the content of POLST forms accurately reflects patients' current treatment preferences.

Origine : PubMed

Individual, clinical and system factors associated with the place of death - a linked national database study

TAN, Woan Shin ; BAJPAI, Ram ; LOW, Chan Kee ; HO, Andy Hau Yan ; WU, Huei Yaw ; CAR, Josip
Plos one, 2019, vol.14, n°4, 13 p.

Document en ligne

Thème : Santé. Cote : eD01.05

LIEU DECES ; FACTEUR ; PATIENT ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; ORGANISATION SANITAIRE ; BASE DONNEES ; SINGAPOUR

BACKGROUND: Many middle- and high-income countries face the challenge of meeting preferences for home deaths. A better understanding of associated factors could support the design and implementation of policies and practices to enable dying at home. This study aims to identify factors associated with the place of death in Singapore, a country with a strong sense of filial piety.
SETTINGS/PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort of 62,951 individuals (>=21 years old) who had died from chronic diseases in Singapore between 2012-2015 was obtained. Home death was defined as a death that occurred in a private residence whereas non-home deaths occurred in hospitals, nursing homes, hospices and other locations. Data were obtained by extracting and linking data from five different databases. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of individual, clinical and system factors sequentially.
RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent of deaths occurred at home. Factors associated with home death included being 85 years old or older (OR 4.45, 95% CI 3.55-5.59), being female (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.25), and belonging to Malay ethnicity (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.82-2.01). Compared to malignant neoplasm, deaths as a result of diabetes mellitus (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.69-2.20), and cerebrovascular diseases (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.19-1.36) were also associated with a higher likelihood of home death. Independently, receiving home palliative care (OR 3.45, 95% CI 3.26-3.66) and having a documented home death preference (OR 5.08, 95% CI 3.96-6.51) raised the odds of home deaths but being admitted to acute hospitals near the end-of-life was associated with lower odds (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.94).
CONCLUSION: Aside from cultural and clinical factors, system-based factors including access to home palliative care and discussion and documentation of preferences were found to influence the likelihood of home deaths. Increasing home palliative care capacity and promoting advance care planning could facilitate home deaths if this is the desired option of patients.

Origine : PubMed

Reflections on palliative sedation

TWYCROSS, Robert G.
Palliative care, 2019, vol.12, p. 1-16

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Thème : Ethique et déontologie. Cote : eD13.07

SEDATION ; PHASE TERMINALE ; ETHIQUE SOIN ; CONSCIENCE ; EVOLUTION ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

'Palliation sedation' is a widely used term to describe the intentional administration of sedatives to reduce a dying person's consciousness to relieve intolerable suffering from refractory symptoms. Research studies generally focus on either 'continuous sedation until death' or 'continuous deep sedation'. It is not always clear whether instances of secondary sedation (i.e. caused by specific symptom management) have been excluded. Continuous deep sedation is controversial because it ends a person's 'biographical life' (the ability to interact meaningfully with other people) and shortens 'biological life'. Ethically, continuous deep sedation is an exceptional last resort measure. Studies suggest that continuous deep sedation has become 'normalized' in some countries and some palliative care services. Of concern is the dissonance between guidelines and practice. At the extreme, there are reports of continuous deep sedation which are best described as non-voluntary (unrequested) euthanasia. Other major concerns relate to its use for solely non-physical (existential) reasons, the under-diagnosis of delirium and its mistreatment, and not appreciating that unresponsiveness is not the same as unconsciousness (unawareness). Ideally, a multiprofessional palliative care team should be involved before proceeding to continuous deep sedation. Good palliative care greatly reduces the need for continuous deep sedation.

Origine : PubMed

Legal and ethical implications of defining an optimum means of achieving unconsciousness in assisted dying

SINMYEE, S. ; PANDIT, V. J. ; PASCUAL, J. M. ; DAHAN, A. ; HEIDEGGER, T. ; KREIENBÜHL, G. ; LUBARSKY, D. A. ; PANDIT, J. J.
Anaesthesia, 20/02/2019, p. 1-8

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Thème : Ethique et déontologie. Cote : eD13.04

SUICIDE MEDICALEMENT ASSISTE ; MORT ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; ETHIQUE MEDICALE ; CONSCIENCE ; ETAPE MOURIR ; ANALYSE COMPARATIVE

A decision by a society to sanction assisted dying in any form should logically go hand-in-hand with defining the acceptable method(s). Assisted dying is legal in several countries and we have reviewed the methods commonly used, contrasting these with an analysis of capital punishment in the USA. We expected that, since a common humane aim is to achieve unconsciousness at the point of death, which then occurs rapidly without pain or distress, there might be a single technique being used. However, the considerable heterogeneity in methods suggests that an optimum method of achieving unconsciousness remains undefined. In voluntary assisted dying (in some US states and European countries), the common method to induce unconsciousness appears to be self-administered barbiturate ingestion, with death resulting slowly from asphyxia due to cardiorespiratory depression. Physician-administered injections (a combination of general anaesthetic and neuromuscular blockade) are an option in Dutch guidelines. Hypoxic methods involving helium rebreathing have also been reported. The method of capital punishment (USA) resembles the Dutch injection technique, but specific drugs, doses and monitoring employed vary. However, for all these forms of assisted dying, there appears to be a relatively high incidence of vomiting (up to 10%), prolongation of death (up to 7 days), and re-awakening from coma (up to 4%), constituting failure of unconsciousness. This raises a concern that some deaths may be inhumane, and we have used lessons from the most recent studies of accidental awareness during anaesthesia to describe an optimal means that could better achieve unconsciousness. We found that the very act of defining an 'optimum' itself has important implications for ethics and the law.

Origine : PubMed

Sedation for terminally ill cancer patients - a multicenter retrospective cohort study in South Korea

KIM, Young Saing ; SONG, Haa-Na ; AHN, Jin Seok ; KOH, Su-Jin ; JI, Jun Ho ; HWANG, In Gyu ; YUN, Jina ; KWON, Jung Hye ; KANG, Jung Hun
Medicine, 02/2019, vol.98, n°5, p. e14278

Document en ligne

Thème : Ethique et déontologie.

SEDATION ; PHASE TERMINALE ; CANCER ; COREE ; ETUDE COHORTE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; ETUDE RETROSPECTIVE

Sedation therapy is a potential solution to providing relief from refractory symptoms at end of life. The aim of this study was to investigate actual sedation practice and physician characteristics associated with the use of sedation for terminally ill cancer patients in South Korea. A retrospective review was conducted on consecutive patients who had died from cancer at seven tertiary medical centers between January 2010 and October 2015. The use of sedation was defined as the administration of sedative agents to relieve intolerable symptoms within the last 2 weeks preceding death. Patients and physician characteristics and information on the use of sedation were collected.A total of 8309 patients were included in the study. Sedatives were administered in 1334 patients (16.1%) for the following indications: delirium in 39.3%, intractable pain in 23.1%, and dyspnea in 21.9%. Median duration of sedation from initiation to death was 3 days. The use of sedation depended on physician specialty and experience. Family physicians used sedation most often (57.6%), followed by medical oncologists (13.9%), other internists (10.7%), and surgical oncologists (9.4%). The use of sedation was highest for physicians with >5 to 10 years practice experience (22.1%) and lowest for those in practice for 5 years or less (10.2%). The proportion of patients receiving sedation also varied markedly across participating institutions (range, 7.0%-49.7%).This large cohort study provides insight into sedation practice for terminally ill cancer patients in South Korea. Our study shows that the use of sedation depends on physician background and institution. A nation-wide guidelines and continued education on end-of-life sedation are required in South Korea.

Origine : PubMed

Variations in physician orders for life-sustaining treatment program across the nation - environmental scan

TARK, Aluem ; AGARWAL, Mansi ; DICK, Andrew W. ; STONE, Patricia W.
JOURNAL OF PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 21/02/2019, Pagination inconnue

Document en ligne

Thème : Soins.

PLANIFICATION ; ANTICIPATION ; SOIN ; ETATS-UNIS ; OUTIL ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

BACKGROUND: Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) is an advance care planning tool that is designed to document end-of-life (EoL) care wishes of those living with limited life expectancies. Although positive impacts of POLST program has been studied, variations in state-specific POLST programs across the nation remain unknown.
OBJECTIVE: Identify state variations in POLST forms and determine if variations are associated with program maturity status.
DESIGN: Environmental scan.
MEASUREMENTS: Using the national POLST website, state-specific POLST program characteristics were examined. With available sample POLST forms, EoL care options were abstracted.
RESULTS: Of all 51 states (50 United States states and Washington, D.C examined), the majority (n = 48, 98%) were actively participating in POLST; 3 states (5.9%) had Mature status, 19 states and District of Columbia (39.2%) were Endorsed, 24 states were in the developing phase (47.1%), and 4 states (7.8%) were nonconforming. Forty-five states (88.2%) had forms available for review. Antibiotic and intravenous fluid options were identified in 32 (71.1%), and 33 (73.3%) POLST forms, respectively. Hospital transfer and use of oxygen were mentioned in all forms. Use of respiratory devices (i.e., continuous positive airway pressure and bi-level positive airway pressure) were mentioned on 27 (60%) forms, whereas ventilator or intubation use were mentioned in 36 POLST forms (80%). No associations were found between POLST maturity status and provision of treatment options.
CONCLUSIONS: Variations in integration of infection and symptom management options were identified. Further research is needed to determine if there are regional factors associated with provision of treatment options on POLST forms and if there are differences in actual rates of infection or symptoms reported.

Origine : PubMed

Etats généraux de la bioéthique 2018 - rapport de synthèse du Comité consultatif national d'éthique, Travaux du comité citoyen

Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé
CCNE , 06/2018 , 196 p.

BIOETHIQUE ; LOI ; RECHERCHE ; EMBRYON ; DON ORGANE ; MALADIE GENETIQUE ; INDICATEUR SANTE ; CONFIDENTIALITE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; FIN VIE ; EUTHANASIE ; DEPENALISATION ; REGLEMENTATION ; FRANCE

La France a été pionnière en matière de législation dans le domaine de la bioéthique, de la loi de 1988 à sa dernière révision en 2011. La loi relative à la bioéthique pose un ensemble de règles juridiques gouvernant l'ensemble des pratiques médicales et/ou de recherche, dont l'objet est le corps humain et l'embryon en tant que ressource ou entité biologique. Dans le cadre de la révision de la dernière loi de 2011, le comité consultatif national d'éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé (CCNE) a piloté un débat organisé sous la forme d' "États généraux" en s'appuyant sur la mobilisation des Espaces de réflexion éthique régionaux, un site web dédié, des auditions d'associations, d'institutions et de représentants de courants de pensée, ainsi que de sociétés savantes et de Comités d'éthique nationaux. Il a également souhaité qu'un Comité citoyen apporte une analyse critique sur le déroulement du débat public et qu'un médiateur réponde aux critiques sur son organisation. Le CCNE, qui a lancé officiellement les États généraux le18 janvier 2018, a mis fin à la consultation le 30 avril 2018 avec cependant la tenue de quelques auditions et d'une réunion du Comité citoyen, jusqu'au 24 mai. L'ensemble des contributions a été analysé par le CCNE et rassemblé dans le présent rapport. Sont présentés, la méthode et la démarche, les sujets discutés et les propositions faites autour des neuf thématiques et les enseignements à tirer du processus de débat public mis en oeuvre.

Origine : BDSP. Notice produite par EHESP oCR0xFpo. Diffusion soumise à autorisation

Consultation de soins palliatifs - un nouvel espace du médecin généraliste

CLAVERIE, Magali ; CHEVALLIER-MICHAUD, Josyane
Sauramps médical , 01/2019 , 88 p.

Thème : Soins. Cote : 02.03.02.00CLA

MEDECIN GENERALISTE ; DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE ; PRISE EN CHARGE ; CONSULTATION ; ETHIQUE PROFESSIONNELLE ; DEMANDE ; BIENVEILLANCE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; RELATION MEDECIN PATIENT

Notre travail s’appuie sur un constat : le médecin généraliste est désormais confronté à des patients atteints de pathologies longues et incurables, en phase de soins palliatifs. Or le généraliste n’est pas formé à leur prise en charge, différente de celle d’un autre patient : il ne s’agit plus d’aider sur le chemin de la guérison mais d’accompagner vers la mort.
Il s’agit donc de réfléchir à la posture du généraliste face à ce type de patient, lors d’un suivi au long cours. Quelles démarches doit-il adopter au sein du nouvel espace qu’est celui de la rencontre en soins palliatifs ?
[Résumé éditeur]

Implement the palliative care in medical practice of a tertiary comprehensive hospital in China

NING, Xiao Hong
Chinese medical sciences journal, 20/11/2018, vol.33, n°4, p. 210-215

Document en ligne

Thème : Soins. Cote : eD02.00.03

DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE ; HOPITAL ; CHINE ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE

The locations and modalities of palliative care services to patients with severe/end-stage illness can be diverse, ranging from general hospitals to home-based care. The concept of palliative care hasn't been fully applied to medical practice by care providers in mainland China, where the seriously ill or terminal patients mainly receive medical care in hospitals. The implementation of palliative care in medical practice has developed greatly in Peking Union Medical College hospital in terms of clinical patient care, education, and research. This article gives an overview of it, and the experiences in team building, promotion, support seaking and fund raising were also discussed in this article. We hope to explore an effective dilivering model of palliative care for end-stage patients that is adaptive to Chinese culture and social environment.

Origine : PubMed

Trends in descriptions of palliative care in the cancer clinical practice guidelines before and after enactment of the cancer control act (2007) - content analysis

HINATA, Miwa ; MIYAZAKI, Kikuko ; KANAZAWA, Natsuko ; KITO, Kumiko ; KIYOTO, Sachiko ; KONDA, Manako ; KURIYAMA, Akira ; MORI, Hiroko ; NAKAOKA, Sachiko ; OKUMURA, Akiko ; TOKUMASU, Hironobu ; NAKAYAMA, Takeo
BMC palliative care, 12/01/2019, vol.18, n°1, p. 1-8

Document en ligne

Thème : Médecine. Cote : eD03.03.00

DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE ; CANCER ; RECOMMANDATION ; PRATIQUE MEDICALE ; LOI ; JAPON

BACKGROUND: Palliative care was a priority issue in the Cancer Control Act enacted in 2007 in Japan, and this has resulted in efforts being made toward educational goals in clinical settings. An investigation of how descriptions of palliative care for the treatment of cancer have changed in clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) could be expected to provide a better understanding of palliative care-related decision-making. This study aimed to identify trends in descriptions of palliative care in cancer CPGs in Japan before and after enactment of the Cancer Control Act.
METHODS: Content analysis was used to count the lines in all relevant CPGs. We then compared the number of lines and the proportion of descriptions mentioning palliative care at two time points: the first survey (selection period: February to June 2007) and the second survey (selection period: February to December 2015). Descriptions from the CPGs were independently selected from the Toho University Medical Media Center and Medical Information Network Distribution Service databases, and subsequently reviewed, by two investigators.
RESULTS: Descriptions were analyzed for 10 types of cancer. The proportion of descriptions in the first survey (4.4%; 933/21,344 lines) was similar to that in the second survey (4.5%; 1325/29,269 lines).
CONCLUSIONS: After the enactment of the Cancer Control Act, an increase was observed in the number, but not in the proportion, of palliative care descriptions in Japanese cancer CPGs. In the future, CPGs can be expected to play a major role in helping cancer patients to incorporate palliative care more smoothly.

Origine : PubMed

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ACCOMPAGNEMENT DEMARCHE PALLIATIVE DOULEUR ETHIQUE EUTHANASIE EVALUATION FIN VIE FRANCE MEDECIN MORT PERSONNEL SANTE PRATIQUE MEDICALE RELATION MEDECIN PATIENT SEDATION SOIN

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